TKN tutorial – What is the difference of ammonia and ammonium

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Johan Kjeldahl developed in 1883 a method for the quantitative determination of nitrogen contained in organic substances and inorganic substances – ammonia NH3 and ammonium NH4+. He named the sum of all measured nitrogen TKN – total kjeldahl nitrogen. TKN plus Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-), Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-) and Nitrogen gas (N2) can be summarized in […]

Activated sludge process – Upgrade with IFAS

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After explaining how the activated sludge process works in part 1 we are now taking a closer look on how to increase the wastewater treatment capacity of ASP with IFAS systems. IFAS stands for integrated fixed film activated sludge and describes the combination of fill media attached growth systems with the activated sludge process. The […]

Activated sludge process and IFAS – Design rules + guideline

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Activated sludge is worldwide the most used suspended growth process in wastewater treatment. The treatment process can include different steps, but most commonly are:   Screening and grit removal to filter out debris Primary clarifier for particle sedimentation Biological treatment with activated sludge consisting of an aeration basin, secondary clarifier and recycle stream Disinfection for […]

Trickling filter process – Advantages in comparison to activated sludge

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Trickling filters, also known as bio filters, are normally a fixed-bed, biological reactor operating in aerobic conditions. In the filter, microorganisms are attached to the inter packing material which was composed of rocks or gravel in the past and is nowadays a wide range of plastic fill media. Fill media support is placed on the […]